Exodus Chapter 12    

“This month will be the beginning of months for you.” This is important to understand the accurate chronology of Israel. From Adam to the Exodus, over 2,500 years, the first month of the year for God’s people had been Tishri and the seventh month had been Abib (also called Nisan). Now, here at the time of the Exodus from Egypt God reverses things. The first month of the new religious year became Nisan and the seventh month Tishri. The effect of that change was that God made a religious calendar and a civil calendar. The civil calendar started with Tishri, which is why Tishri 1 is called “Rosh Hashana” (literally, the “The head of the year” from rosh, “head”). The first month of the religious calendar was Nisan. Ordinarily, the Bible counts via the religious year, which is why the Bible recognizes Rosh Hashana (Tishri 1), but says it is in the seventh month (Lev. 23:24). God continued to count some things from Tishri, for example, the Sabbath years were counted from the month Tishri, not the month Nisan.

Israel uses a lunar month, which is shorter than a solar month which we Westerners use, so the dates on the Israel calendar are not the same every year on our calendar, they shift. Nisan usually falls in our April, while Tishri usually falls in our September.

“every man among them.” As one reads it becomes clear that “every man” means every man who is the head of a household. Generally, men married by age 16, so from a cultural point of view “every man” did lead a household, but of course, there would be some exceptions, but those men would be part of their father’s household.

“according to the number of the souls.” Here “souls” is used for people; according to the number of people.

“You may take it from the sheep or from the goats.” We regularly speak of the “Passover lamb,” but the animal could be a “Passover goat.”

“This day will be for a memorial to you.” For more information and a list of the feasts and sabbaths in Israel, see commentary on Lev. 23:2.

“Seven days you must eat unleavened bread.” The Feast of Unleavened Bread was a seven-day feast, like the Feast of Booths (less accurately called the “Feast of Tabernacles”), but in time an eighth day was added to the Feast of Booths so that it became in effect an eight-day feast.

“kneeled and bowed down.” This kneeling preceded bowing down to the ground. The two actions, kneeling and then bowing to the ground blended into one act of homage or worship. The common biblical way of bowing down before people or God was to fall to one’s knees and bow the upper body and face to the earth. Also, instead of “kneeled and bowed down,” the text could be translated, “bowed down and worshiped,” with “kneeling” being understood as part of the process of bowing down, and “bowing down” was the act of worship. The same Hebrew verb, shachah (#07812 שָׁחָה), is translated as both “bow down” and “worship;” traditionally “worship” if God is involved and “bow down” if people are involved, but the verb and action are the same, the act of bowing down is the worship.

[For more on bowing down, see commentary on 1 Chron. 29:20.]

“And it came to pass at midnight.” Here the record changes from instruction to historical event. Exodus 12:1-28 had occurred before the tenth of Nisan (the first month) and were instructions of what Israel was to do: select a lamb or goat on the tenth (Exod. 12:3, 5), kill it on the fourteenth and put the blood on the doorposts (Exod. 12:6-7), and Yahweh would pass through on the fifteenth (Exod. 12:12; the fifteenth started at sunset). Exodus 12:29 switches to the fifteenth of Nisan and Yahweh moving powerfully against Egypt.

“midnight.” The Passover Lamb was killed on Nisan 14, and at sunset, the fourteenth changed to the fifteenth, (the Jewish day started at sunset, in most of the Western World the day starts at midnight) so the Israelites left Egypt on Nisan 15. The fifteenth of the lunar month was always a full moon, so the Israelites had plenty of light to travel by when they left that night.

“was 430 years.” Many people read this verse and think that the Israelites spent 430 years in Egypt, but this is not the case. Furthermore, they did not spend 400 years as slaves in Egypt, even though many people think Genesis 15:13 says that. The total length of time from the year when God called Abraham out of Haran until the year of the Exodus when God made the “Old Covenant” with Israel, was 430 years. This “hard date” is set in Galatians 3:16-17 which says there are 430 years from the promise to Abraham until the Law, which was given the year of the Exodus from Egypt. In light of that, there is no way Israel spent 400 years in slavery in Egypt, as many people believe. The 430-year period from the promise God made to Abraham (Gen. 12:2-3) until the Exodus included Abraham’s life until Isaac was born, Isaac’s life until Jacob was born, Jacob’s life until Joseph was born, Joseph’s 110-year life; and the slavery in Egypt. As we will see, the slavery lasted no longer than 139 years.

The chronology of the Old Testament has been confused by many things. For one thing, too many scholars rely on the accepted Egyptian chronology to guide them in understanding biblical chronology despite the fact there is very good evidence that the accepted Egyptian dates are wrong.^a Also, the way some of the verses in the Hebrew text are written, it is easy to get the wrong impression from them unless one takes the time to study the specifics of the chronology of the Old Testament to see how they fit with the scope of Scripture. Genesis 15:13 and Exodus 12:40 are some of the verses that can be confusing.

Genesis 15:13 and Acts 7:6 say that the length of time between Abraham’s “seed” and the Exodus is 400 years, and this supports the 430-year number as being the time between God’s promise to Abraham (Gen. 12:2-4) until the Exodus. It is good that God repeats the number 400 a couple of times because at first glance it seems wrong. If the total time between God’s promise to Abraham and the Exodus was 430 years, and the time between Abraham’s “seed” and the Exodus was 400 years, then the time between the promise and the “seed” is 30 years. But God made the promise to Abraham when he was 75 (Gen. 12:4), but Isaac was born when Abraham was 100 (Gen. 21:1-5), which is only 25 years, not 30. How do we get the extra five years?

In this case, the counting of the years of the “seed” of Abraham that would inherit the promise does not start with the birth of Isaac, but the weaning of Isaac. Abraham had two sons, Ishmael and Isaac, and until Isaac was weaned, Ishmael, the elder of the two, seemed to be legitimately in line to inherit the promise. But at the weaning feast of Isaac, God made it clear that Ishmael was to be sent away and Isaac was established as the real “seed” of Abraham (Gen. 21:8-13). Thus the counting of the “seed” of Abraham, i.e., when Isaac was established as “the seed,” starts at Isaac’s weaning feast when God told Abraham, “it is through Isaac that your seed will be called” (Gen. 21:12).

Admittedly, there is no verse that gives Isaac’s age as five years old when he was weaned and Abraham put on the weaning feast. But God expects us to use wisdom and knowledge in interpreting Scripture, and there are several places in the chronology of the Old Testament where God gives us outside parameters and expects us to fill in some of the details from the scope of Scripture. This is one of those cases, and a number of competent biblical scholars have noted that Isaac would have been five when God told Abraham that he was the heir.^b

In summary: God appeared to Abraham when he was in Mesopotamia before he dwelt in Haran and told him to go “into the land which I shall show thee,” but there is no record that God gave Abraham a promise at that time (Gen. 11:31; Neh. 9:7; Acts 7:2-3). When Abraham was 75 and living in Haran, God made a promise to him that he would inherit the land (Gen. 12:2-3), and Abraham got up and went into the land of Canaan, the Promised Land (Gen. 12:4-5). Isaac was weaned 30 years after God promised the land to Abraham, and at the weaning feast, God told Abraham that his seed would be called in Isaac. Thus there are 400 years from the “seed” to the Exodus (Gen. 15:13; Acts 7:6). So we see that the length of time between the promise to Abraham and the Exodus was 430 years (Exod. 12:40; Gal. 3:16-17). Also, the length of time between Abraham’s seed—the weaning of Isaac—and the Exodus was 400 years (Acts 7:6; Gen. 15:13).

Summary of the Chronology of the 430 Years from the Promise to the Law

• Isaac was weaned 30 years after Abraham was promised the land (so 30 years for Abraham, between the Promise and “the seed”).
• Isaac was 60 years old when Jacob was born. (Gen. 25:26) (so 60 years for Isaac + 30 for Abraham = 90 total years from the promise).
• Jacob was 91 years old when Joseph was born. That is calculated from:
  • Genesis 41:46 – Joseph was 30 when he stood before the pharaoh.
  • Genesis 41:53 – the seven years of plenty had ended (= seven years).
  • Genesis 41:54; 45:6 – the second year of famine had set in (= two years).
  • Genesis 47:9 – Jacob was 130 years old when he stood before the pharaoh (Jacob died at 147; Gen. 47:28).
  • So: Jacob is 130 when Joseph is 39 (30 + 7 + 2), so Joseph was born when Jacob was 91 (so 91 years for Jacob + the 90 years for Abraham and Isaac = 181 total years from the promise).
• Joseph lived for 110 years (Gen. 50:26) (so 110 years for Joseph + 181 years = 291 total years from the promise to Joseph’s death; that is, 30 + 60 + 91 + 110 = 291 total years).
• If Israel was enslaved the same year Joseph died (which did not happen), there would have been 139 years of slavery (430 total years - 291 years from the promise to the death of Joseph = 139 years of slavery at most). This 139 years is certainly less than the 400 years that most Christians think the slavery lasted. But Israel being enslaved by Egypt would have happened some years after Joseph’s death, not the year he died or even only shortly after it. A new Pharaoh had to arise who did not know Joseph (Exod. 1:8), and it was he who enslaved Israel.
• How long were the Israelites slaves in Egypt? The Bible does not give us an exact number of years, but we can make an educated guess. There is a gap of years between the death of Joseph and the birth of Moses, and Israel’s slavery started in that gap, which we will see is 59 years. There are 139 years from the death of Joseph to the Exodus, so 139 is the absolute maximum that Israel could have been in slavery. Moses was 80 at the Exodus (Exod. 7:7), and was born in slavery, so the maximum years of slavery (139 years) minus the 80 years of Moses’ life gives us 59 years as the gap years between Joseph’s death and Moses’ birth, and it was during that gap that Israel’s slavery started. But the slavery did not start the year Joseph died, nor did it start the year Moses was born. Sometime in the 59 years between Joseph’s death and Moses’ birth Israel was enslaved. So how long after Joseph died did the slavery start? The Bible does not say, but it does say that the Pharaoh who knew Joseph died, and a new Pharaoh that did not know Joseph came to the throne, became fearful of Israel, and then enslaved them. If we assume Pharaoh’s death and replacement took 30 years, then that would mean Israel was enslaved for 29 years before Moses was born, so we can add that 29 years to the 80 years of Moses’ life in slavery, which would make Israel’s slavery in Egypt 109 years. Or, if we say the death of Pharaoh and replacing him took 20 years, then Israel’s slavery would have been 119 years. Given the parameters, perhaps a period of slavery of 100-120 years would be a good appropriate estimate, and that is still a long time to be in slavery and for Israel to remember their hard slavery in Egypt.

In the calculations above, we see the actual chronology of the time between God’s promise to Abraham and the Exodus and the giving of the Law to Moses. To fully understand Exodus 12:40, it is imperative that we translate it accurately. The KJV translates it as: “Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years.” To properly interpret the verse, we must understand that the phrase, “who dwelt in Egypt,” does not describe the 430-year period, but rather is a description of the children of Israel—they are the ones who lived in Egypt.

Exodus 12:40 should not be interpreted to mean that the children of Israel spent 430 years in Egypt. Instead, it can be translated as: “Now the time of the sojourn of the children of Israel (who lived in Egypt) was 430 years.” Read that way, it is the “sojourn” of the children of Israel that was 430 years; it was not Israel’s time in Egypt that was 430 years. The sojourn of the children of Israel started when God promised Abraham the land and so he went into it (Gen. 12:1-4). God stopped counting the years of the sojourn at the Exodus, at which time He began to count the years of another great period of Israel’s history, the 480 years from the Exodus until Solomon started building the Temple (1 Kings 6:1).

Genesis 15:13 should be read and understood in the same basic way as Exodus 12:40 in that there is a parenthesis in the verse. Genesis 15:13 (REV): “And he said to Abram, ‘Know for certain that your seed will live as foreigners in a land that is not theirs (and will serve them and they will afflict them) 400 years.” As with Exodus 12:40, this verse is not, indeed, cannot be, saying that Israel will be enslaved for 400 years. It is saying the people of Israel will live in a land that is not theirs for 400 years, and at some time during that period, they will serve and be enslaved. And that is what happened. God promised Abraham and his descendants the land, and then Abraham traveled there. But he did not get to take possession of it, and neither did his descendants. They lived as “foreigners” there and in Egypt until after the Exodus when Joshua conquered the land.

As they are commonly (but mistakenly!) understood to read, Genesis 15:13 contradicts Exodus 12:40. That is because if Israel lived in Egypt for 430 years as Exodus 12:40 seems to say in most versions, but they were enslaved for 400 years as Genesis 15:13 seems to say in most versions, then the period of slavery would be too long and Genesis 15:13 and Exodus 12:40 would contradict each other. Here is why: if the people of Israel lived in Egypt for 430 years (Exod. 12:40), and were enslaved for 400 years (Gen. 15:13), that leaves only 30 years when the Israelites were not slaves. But Joseph was 30 when he was taken before Pharaoh and given rule over Egypt (Gen. 41:46), and then there were seven years of plenty and two years of famine when Jacob and the people of Israel came into Egypt; Joseph would have been 39 (Gen. 45:6). Then Joseph’s family lived with him in Egypt until he died at 110 (Gen. 50:26). But that means they lived with Joseph for 71 years before he died (110 - 39 = 71), so even if the slavery started that very year, the longest the slavery could have been was 359 years (430 - 71 = 359). But we know it took some time after Joseph died for Israel to be enslaved. If it took only ten years, that would leave only 349 years of slavery. But the common reading of Genesis 15:13 is that the slavery was 400 years—so the traditional reading of Genesis 15:13 does not even fit with the traditional reading of Exodus 12:40.

“no foreigner is to eat of it.” In this context, the “foreigner” is someone who is not from Israel but happens to be in Israel but has no commitment to Yahweh or His laws. Over time the rabbis expanded the meaning of the word to include those people who they declared had apostatized from Israel and thus did not deserve to be called “Israelite” (or “Jew”), but that is just more of the entrance of demonic laws into the body of Jewish “laws” (actually, “traditions”) that were ungodly and a burden to people (cp. Matt. 15:9; Luke 11:46).

[For more information on who could eat the Passover, see commentary on Exod. 12:45.]

“A sojourner.” In this context, a “sojourner” is someone who is temporarily in Israel. For example, the person may be a merchant, or he may have come to Israel to escape his native country for some reason (like Naomi moved to Moab to escape a famine), and thus the person has no commitment to Yahweh or to the laws of Israel. The hired servant would be in the same position. They may have been hired from a foreign country or from a tribe or clan even within the territorial boundaries of Israel but they had no commitment to Yahweh or His laws. Similarly, a person who was a “foreigner,” a non-Israelite who happened to be in Israel, could not eat the Passover (Exod. 12:43).

If a person was part of the Israelite society by choice, like a slave who had agreed to be circumcised (Exod. 12:44) or like Rahab the prostitute who recognized Yahweh and married an Israelite man, or apparently like Uriah the Hittite who was one of David’s mighty men, they could eat the Passover (Num. 9:14).

So, the sojourner, the hired servant, and the foreigner could not eat the Passover, but the resident alien or circumcised slave who recognized Yahweh and wanted to live in Israel could eat the Passover.